What is cost price adjustment and why is it so important
Based on the terms and conditions set out in the tender awarded to you, it is now time for you to take stock of what has happened to the price of the product or service you provided over the last couple of months/year. You also need to supply the information to the buying party to your contract. So where to from here?
Unfortunately, you cannot go to the buyer and tell them that your costs have increased by 11% and expect them to pay it, especially if you do not have proof. Without substantial proof to support the increase in the costs you want to pass onto the buyer, your request will not be met. So how do you get the proof? Easy, through calculations in a Cost Price Adjustment (CPA) with the use of relevant industry related price indices which will give you a true and accurate reflection of what has happened in the market.
Alright, so you know you must do a CPA but you have no idea what it is, let alone how to apply it or why it is beneficial to you. The aim of this blog is to do just that – give you a better understanding of what a contract price adjustment is.
In the simplest terms, a CPA is a process in which you calculate the extent to which the price of inputs of the product or service you supply, has increased or decreased over a specified period of time. This means that due to unforeseen circumstances (i.e. inflation) the cost of doing business has changed and you have to account for it in some way because it ultimately impacts on the price of the contract over the duration thereof.
Both parties to the contract aim to sustain or improve the profitability of their business. Buyers therefore try to manage and maintain their costs, while suppliers want to recover as much cost as possible.
Let me explain the importance of a cost price adjustment with the use of an example:
You are a supplier to a contract. The initial contract value was R10 000 000, the contract term was for 10 years and you were allowed to escalate (do your cost price adjustment) once a year. At the end of the 10-year period the contract value that you calculate by taking costs into account amounted to R14 233 118. One of your colleagues came to you and mentioned that you made an error in your calculations and that the contract value was actually supposed to be R16 894 790. Through discussions with your colleague you actually realise that you applied the calculations incorrectly because you didn’t understand the contract price adjustment process. As a result, your company lost R2 661 671 on the contract. What is worse is that the profit calculated at the start of the contract was R2 000 000 which means that your company actually has to pay in, in order to finalise the project (thereby putting your company in a worse position).
This example can be explained from the buyer’s side as well. Let’s assume the same contract over the same period as in the above example. At the end of the 10-year span the contract cost you R16 894 790. Your colleague then tells you that the cost of the contract was supposed to be R14 233 118. Unfortunately, your company overpaid by R2 661 671 because you didn’t understand the process and applied calculations incorrectly.
As the company supplying the product or service, you are therefore assured that you can justify the cost increase you are passing on to the buyer and that the costs were accurately calculated from your CPA which is based on what has happened in the market. The correct application of the CPA also allows the company buying the product or service to be certain that market related increases are paid out, ensuring the sustainability or improvement of business profitability.
In order to accurately calculate your costs, you need to make use of SEIFSA’s price indices and apply them to the mathematical formula which is based on the inputs of your product or service. Although the mathematical formula is a very important aspect to your CPA, it will be of no benefit if you do not use the correct price indices. The use of the incorrect indices could have an adverse effect on the increase you calculate. Often times the CPA process is handed to staff in financial positions due to the calculations involved. However, it is very important that the technical people in the company assist with the process, especially when tendering. This is because the technical people have a better understanding of what inputs are used in the manufacturing of a product. If for example your company manufactures power transformers, the technical person would know that one of the materials used is electrical steel.
SEIFSA’s Price and Index Pages (PIPS) currently offer a wide variety of steel indices and because you lack the technical knowledge you might link the incorrect steel index to the material component.
If you are worried about changes in the input costs in your tender application or the right time to escalate (that is, make adjustments to your contract), subscribe to SEIFSA’s Price and Index Pages and join a CPA workshop to better understand the process involved.
What are the SEIFSA Indices?
So, you are in the process of tendering for that big contract and it is a requirement that you make use of the SEIFSA indices to assist you in accurately pricing your tender contract. At this point in the tendering process you might not be aware of who SEIFSA is or that SEIFSA even has price indices available. At the same time, you might not have a clear understanding of what an index is, or what the purpose of using an index is, let alone have knowledge of a SEIFSA price index.
The aim of this blog is to give you as a tenderer a basic understanding of indices and to give you an overview of the SEIFSA indices on offer. Lastly, we aim to give you a brief explanation as to why you should use the SEIFSA price indices in the tendering processes and subsequent escalations.
In the most basic sense you use an index as a statistical measure of changes in two or more data points. What I mean here is that one index point (e.g. 102) tells you nothing. In order for indices to have meaning, you need to have at least two index points to calculate the percentage increase or decrease between any two periods. Just by looking at the indices you should already have an indication whether the price of what you are interested in (e.g. domestic merchant steel) increased or decreased between two periods.
Let me show you with an example:
The table above is a hypothetical example giving index points which reflect domestic merchant steel prices for the months of January 2017 and February 2017. Without doing any calculations you can see that there was an increase in domestic merchant steel prices. How? The index value in February 2017 is higher than that of January 2017. Now that you know that the price of domestic merchant steel increased between these two months, you can easily calculate by how much. You can make use of either of the following formulas to calculate the percentage change in the price of domestic merchant steel:
- ((New/Old) – 1) *100
- (New-Old/Old) *100
Both of the above formulas will give the same results. Based on both formulas and the figures cited in the example, the change in the price will be 2%. There are some advantages to using indices.
Firstly, an index hides sensitive information such as the source of the information or the actual price level and secondly, it minimises errors in computation that are often associated with larger numbers. It is much easier to type 125.1 as opposed to 138 789, which allows for reduced errors. It is also important to understand that a price index only indicates the extent to which the price of an item has changed when compared to some earlier point it time. Moreover, a price index does not give you an indication of the actual level of the variable which means that you won’t know what the exact price of the item (i.e. domestic merchant steel) is. Important to understand is that when the domestic merchant steel price increases by 10% in a given month, that 10% increase will be reflected in the index for that same month.
Now that you have some background on indices, allow me to go into a little bit more detail regarding the SEIFSA indices. Every month SEIFSA updates and publish over 200 price indices in the SEIFSA Price and Index Pages (PIPS). We have time series for some of these price indices dating as far back as the 1960s.
SEIFSA PIPS cover a wide spectrum of price indices which includes but is not limited to labour, transport, overheads and materials. The SEIFSA labour indices cover all 13 job gradings as set out by the Metal and Engineering Industries Bargaining Council (MEIBC). Although our labour indices relate mostly to the Metals and Engineering sector, we also publish labour indices for other industrial sectors.
In addition to indices for petroleum products, we publish two road freight (transport) indices that you will apply based on your primary activity of business. For overheads, SEIFSA PIPS offer you indices for both office and production. We also have indices that you could apply if you have an imported component in your cost breakdown. These include exchange rates and imported unit value indices (UVI).
SEIFSA PIPS offer a wide array of indices relating to materials. In terms of steel, our offering includes but is not limited to domestic merchant and producer price and stainless-steel indices. A number of material indices relevant to different type of engineering activities are also available along with commodity indices.
When you make use of PIPS in your tender submission you can be assured that your tender bid is comprehensive and competitive because you will be able to accurately calculate the changes in inputs that affect the final cost of manufacturing. SEIFSA PIPS is the best tool to use to use for contract price adjustment as well.
How the tender processes in South Africa works
Tender processes in South Africa need careful and accurate preparation to help you land that big tender but it can also be a time-consuming and costly exercise, especially if you do not understand the tender bidding process or adhere to the necessary requirements (i.e. submitting all the tender forms). When an organisation such as a private company or government need to obtain specific goods or skills, they will issue a tender bid, an invitation to tender or a Request for Quotations (RFQ). The reason why a RFQ or tender invitation is advertised is to make the process fair and to promote competition by offering an equal opportunity to as many suppliers as possible to submit their tenders.
You will be able to find information on available private company tender bids through adverts in newspapers and in trade and professional magazines. Networking can also be a great way to get information on available tenders. Major national and provincial tenders are normally advertised in the Government bulletin, newspapers, notice boards at various governmental departments, post offices and police stations. Each tender bid will supply information on the following that is important to take into account:
- The RFQ or tender number;
- A short description on the requirements and eligibility criteria
- Closing date, time and address to deliver your tender submission documents. The responsibility lies with you as the tenderer to ensure that your tender bid is received at the required address in good time; and
- The compulsory meetings or and special conditions of the contract.
Failure to comply with points 3 and 4 above could lead to the disqualification of your bid. Even if you are aware of where to look for tenders, you have to make sure that your company is legally compliant which will allow you to take part in the tendering process.
Your business has to be registered, with a commendable banking history and you must have a good relationship with your clients and suppliers. Make sure that your company has an excellent credit record by ensuring that you are registered with the South African Revenue Service (SARS), all bills are paid on time and that you are up to date with company tax and VAT payments. Ensure that all your employees are registered with the Department of Labour in terms of Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF) and Workmen’s compensation fund etc.
Each national or provincial tender has a number of forms that has to be included in your tender submission. These required forms were formerly referred to as tender forms but are now referred to bid documents. Bid documents for national tenders have the prefix of SBD.
Now that you have a better understanding of the legalities of bidding for a tender, you need to also understand the economic aspects to consider when pricing a tender. You need to remember that the pricing of a tender is different from the way you would normally price a product in your company.
Why? As a bidder, you need to consider all the cost associated with undertaking the project to ensure you calculated an optimum mark-up. Imagine you get allocated the tender only to find out that it is not profitable to undertake the tender.
Often times tender documents will state that you have to make use of SEIFSA’s Price and Index Pages (PIPS) (a data set that contains over 200 indices) with some of these indices dating back to the 1960s. The idea is that you link a relevant index to each of the input cost components in the breakdown of your tender application.
By including data from these indices in your tender application, you will be able to accurately calculate the changes in the costs of labour, steel, transport, just to name a few, and other inputs that affect the final cost of manufacturing in a business through the application of a Contract Price Adjustment (CPA). The results from the CPA calculations allow the tenderer to adjust prices in line with unforeseen cost increases.
Furthermore, by using PIPS during the tender processes in South Africa you can be certain that the cost increases you calculated is a true reflection of what happened in the market, thereby ensuring that you maintain and ultimately improve the profitability of your business.
Here are some useful tips to keep at the back of your mind that could potentially increase your chance of winning the tender:
- Make sure that you provide all necessary information as set out in the tender application. These include updated tax clearance certificate and shareholding certificates, amongst other requirements.
- Apply the relevant PIPS indices and always double-check the calculations of the prices in your tender application.
- Only tender for a contract that fits in with the scope of your business. There is no use in tendering for a tender to build a hospital if your company is in the catering industry.
- If you are unsure of anything, ask.
- Sign all relevant pages of your bid document as any unsigned documents may lead to the disqualification of your bid
- Aim to beat the client’s expectations through non-price solutions and sell them upfront. These can include doing the job in less time than required or using fewer resources.